Molniya 8K78 | Venera-4a
Launch Failure
L - -- : -- : -- : --
Instantaneous launch window.
Launch Window
Nov. 23, 1965, 3:14 a.m. - Nov. 23, 1965, 3:14 a.m.
Instantaneous launch window.
Nov. 23, 1965, 3:14 a.m. - Nov. 23, 1965, 3:14 a.m.
Venus flyby probe
The Molniya was a modification of the well-known R-7 Semyorka rocket and had four stages. The 8K78 resulted from a crash program by the Korolev Bureau to develop a booster for launching planetary probes. A larger third stage was added along with a fourth stage (Blok L) that was designed to fire in-orbit to send the payload out of LEO. The basic R-7 core was also structurally strengthened and given more powerful engines. A rushed development produced multiple malfunctions of the upper stages, which led to its being replaced by the improved Molniya-M in 1964, but there were enough 8K78s left to continue flying them into 1967.
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