Molniya 8K78 | Mars 1c
Launch Failure
L - -- : -- : -- : --
Oct. 24, 1962, 5:55 p.m.
Instantaneous launch window.
Instantaneous launch window.
Modified Venera-type spacecraft designed to flyby Mars at a distance of about 11,000 km.
The Molniya was a modification of the well-known R-7 Semyorka rocket and had four stages. The 8K78 resulted from a crash program by the Korolev Bureau to develop a booster for launching planetary probes. A larger third stage was added along with a fourth stage (Blok L) that was designed to fire in-orbit to send the payload out of LEO. The basic R-7 core was also structurally strengthened and given more powerful engines. A rushed development produced multiple malfunctions of the upper stages, which led to its being replaced by the improved Molniya-M in 1964, but there were enough 8K78s left to continue flying them into 1967.
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